“The literature on the RMABP, whether on its theoretical, algorithmic, or application aspects, is currently vast to the point where it is virtually infeasible for researchers to keep up to date with the latest advances in the field.” True. Markovian Restless Bandits and Index Policies: A Review José Niño-Mora | Mathematics, 2023 The review is organized as follows. Section 2 surveys the antecedents to the RMABP, in particular, the classic MABP and the Gittins index policy....

Someone wrote about Swan Lake music: Once ballet music leaves the stage and enters the concert hall or recording, it becomes a kind of group-form symphony. Yet, it lacks the weight of a true symphony or concerto, as the dance drama itself is inherently “light.” Composers have never used ballet to convey grand themes—after all, a fictional prince can leap and twirl, but imagine Peter the Great or Napoleon doing the same; the image borders on the absurd....

We’re back! Last time, we explored unconstrained first-order methods (FOMs), where gradient descent works well and its time-traveling cousins (momentum and acceleration) helped even more. Now adding constraints: Here’s how FOMs extend to constrained problems, especially equality constraints. We’ll walk through two major methods: The Augmented Lagrangian Method with Multipliers (ALMM) and its smoother, modular evolution—ADMM. For constrained problems like this: $$ \min_x ; f(x) \quad \text{s.t.} \quad h(x) = 0,; x \in X $$...

A lot of seemingly non-convex optimization problems are de facto convex. For example $$ \begin{align*} \min_{a_i, r_i}& ;\frac{a_i}{r_i}\cr s.t.& ;a_i, r_i \ge0 \end{align*}\tag{1} $$ can actually be massaged into a convex optimization. Let $x_i\ge \frac{a_i}{r_i}$, optimization $(1)$ is equivalent to $$ \begin{align*} \min_{a_i, r_i, x_i}& ;x_i\cr s.t.& ;a_i, r_i \ge0 \end{align*}\tag{2} $$ And is equivalent to $$ \begin{align*} \min_{a_i, r_i, x_i}& ;x_i\cr s.t.& ;\begin{bmatrix} x_i & \sqrt{a_i}\cr \sqrt{a_i}& r_i \end{bmatrix}\succeq0\cr & a_i, r_i \ge 0 \end{align*} $$ So now it’s in Positive Semidefinite (PSD) Programming, and it is convex....

For the discrete-time Bandit Process definition, consider a total of $n$ of these discrete-time Bandit Processes. The state of the bandits are $x_1(t), \ldots, x_n(t)$. One arm is allowed to be pulled at each $t$. Taking action $a_j, j\in [n]$ corresponds to pulling arm $j$ and generate reward $R_j(x_j(t))$. The aim is to maximize total-discounted ($\beta < 1$) reward, given initial state $\vec x(0)$. The Gittins Index Policy pulls the arm $j$ with the highest Gittins Index $\nu(x_j(t))$: $$ a(t) = \arg\max_j \nu_j(x_j(t)), $$ and is known to be optimal....

Definition Consider a discrete-time Bandit Process with one arm (dropping arm index $i$ for convenience): Markov state transition, binary action, reward associated with positive action (aka ‘pull’) denoted as $r(x(t))$ at each time point $t = 1, \ldots$ The states $x(t)$ doesn’t change if the arm is idle. And the goal is to maximize the discounted reward criteria: $$ \text{Reward}:=\mathbb E[\sum_t \beta^t r(x(t))]. $$ ($x(\cdot)$ or $x$ is state) The Gittins Index $v(x)$ is calculated for each state $x$ as $$ v(x) :=\sup_{\tau >0}\frac{\mathbb E[\sum_{t = 1}^\tau \beta^t r(x(t))\mid x(0) = x]}{\mathbb E[\sum_{t = 1}^\tau \beta^t\mid x(0) = x]} $$ Note $\tau$ is a past-measurable stopping time—so expectation is taken w....

In the standard discounted multi‑armed bandit (MAB) with binary “play/rest” decisions, Gittins’ index gives a provably optimal per‑arm priority rule. Section 3.2 of Q. Zhao (2021) For general bandit super process, index-based policy no longer works. Counterexample: Section 3.2 of Q. Zhao (2021) Actually, in many cases, the index is not even defined. But somehow if the problem is “indexable” satisfying the following condition, Index Policy still is optimal Whittle’s Indexability Condition Embed the superprocess in a two‑arm system together with a dummy arm that delivers a constant reward $c$....

Tired of df.head() giving you a mysterious “…”? When working with wide DataFrames, pandas hides columns by default—really? This simple line ensures every column stands proudly in your console: import pandas as pd pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None) # Show all columns Default slicing of data really drives people crazy. To solve this, one usually has to switch to VSCode or other graphic-based ipynb consoles for better visuals. But even in termainl, the full DataFrame view is just one setting away....

Schumann’s Kinderszenen (Op. 15) is not really meant for kids—it’s like a memory-scape written from adulthood, looking backward with tenderness, longing, and the complexity only hindsight can afford. The simplicity of the music is deceptive. It’s technically accessible “Leichte Stücke”—but emotionally layered. Happy children’s day :)

Duanwu, also known as the Dragon Boat Festival, is a traditional Chinese holiday celebrated on the 5th day of the 5th lunar month. It commemorates Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet who lived—and died—for his country over 2,000 years ago. But for me, Duanwu means something more personal. It marks the true beginning of summer—thick with heat, humidity, and a kind of restless energy. It’s a season that feels chaotic, slightly uncomfortable, yet oddly peaceful....